Gavin Hamilton (1723–1798) was a Scottish painter, archaeologist, and art dealer, pivotal in the Neoclassical movement. Born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, Hamilton moved to Italy in the mid-18th century, where he became part of the vibrant artistic circles in Rome. His education at the University of Glasgow and later studies under Agostino Masucci in Rome shaped his classical style, influenced by ancient Roman and Greek art. Hamilton's paintings often depicted grand historical and mythological scenes, blending dramatic emotion with classical restraint. His most renowned works include the series of canvases based on Homer’s *Iliad*, such as *Achilles Lamenting the Death of Patroclus* (1763). These monumental works were celebrated for their composition and narrative power, emblematic of the ideals of Neoclassicism. In addition to his painting, Hamilton played a significant role in the rediscovery and sale of antiquities. His excavations in Roman sites like Hadrian’s Villa helped supply European collectors with classical sculptures, further solidifying his status in both the art and antiquities world. Hamilton's influence on the art world extended through his patronage and mentorship of younger artists, and he remains a key figure in the Neoclassical revival of the 18th century.